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Horological Metallurgy & Advanced Ceramics
Engineered Materials for High-Precision Manufacturing
Fullion qualifies, machines, and polishes premium horological alloys and fine jewelry substrates. From certified medical-grade 316L stainless steel and marine 904L superalloys to aerospace titanium, zirconium ceramics, and hallmarked precious metals, every raw batch is subjected to X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and strict metallurgical inspection.
Metallurgical Verification Standards
- Core Steel Alloys Certified 316L & Superaustenitic 904L Bar Stock
- Lightweight Titanium Grade 2 Commercial Pure & Grade 5 Ti-6Al-4V
- Heritage Metals C83600 Leaded Gunmetal, CuSn8 Bronze, Brass H62
- High-Tech Ceramics High-Density Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (ZrO2)
- Precious Metals 925 Sterling Silver, 14K/18K Solid Gold & Platinum
- Traceability Protocol EN 10204 3.1 Mill Test Certificates with XRF Audit
- Skin Safety Standard Compliant with EU Nickel Directive EN 1811 & REACH
- Stock Ingot Purity Vacuum Induction Melting & Electroslag Remelting
Material Spectrum
Core Material Categories
Engineered alloys and mineral compounds tested for structural resilience, biocompatibility, and optical finishing response.
Industrial Horology Standard
316L Stainless Steel
The global benchmark for luxury watch cases, solid-link bracelets, and precision jewelry. Delivers high tensile strength, exceptional mirror buffing response, and proven dermatological safety.
- Microstructure Austenitic low-carbon alloy
- Hardness As-Delivered 180 to 220 HV Vickers
- Corrosion Protection PREN 23 to 25 pitting resistance
Extreme Maritime Resistance
904L Stainless Steel
Superaustenitic high-nickel and high-copper stainless steel engineered for saturation diver timepieces. Withstands warm seawater, harsh acids, and chloride stress cracking with zero pitting.
- Alloy Base 25% Ni, 20% Cr, 4.5% Mo, 1.5% Cu
- PREN Benchmark PREN 36+ extreme resistance
- Surface Brilliance Ultra-dense microstructure for deeper luster
Aerospace Strength-to-Weight
Titanium (Grade 2 & Grade 5)
Ultralight, hypoallergenic metal offering 45% weight reduction over steel. We process ductile Grade 2 for dial elements and ultra-rigid Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V) for tool watch cases and bezels.
- Alloy Grades Grade 2 (CP) & Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V)
- Density Comparison 4.43 g/cm³ (vs 8.0 g/cm³ for steel)
- Biocompatibility 100% hypoallergenic, zero nickel content
Living Patina & Precision Dials
Brass & Marine Bronze
Free-machining brass alloys for intricate dial blanks and internal mechanical spacers, paired with German phosphor CuSn8 bronze that develops a rich, protective vintage oxidation patina.
- Dial Brass Grade Lead-free CW510L & high-machinability H62
- Bronze Alloy German standard CuSn8 (8% tin phosphor)
- Patina Dynamics Self-passivating natural surface oxidation
Scratch-Proof Luxury
High-Tech Ceramic (ZrO2)
Sub-micron zirconium dioxide powder hot isostatic pressed (HIP) to near-diamond hardness. Completely scratch-proof, impervious to UV discoloration, and silky smooth to the touch.
- Hardness Rating 1500 to 1800 HV (Mohs Scale 8.5 to 9.0)
- Thermal Response Quickly adapts to human body temperature
- Color Matrix Deep Jet Black, Pure Snow White, Custom Tones
Fine Jewelry & Bespoke Horology
Precious Metals
Certified 925 sterling silver, 14K/18K solid yellow, rose, and white gold, and 950 platinum cast via vacuum induction for micro-detail fine jewelry and luxury limited-edition watch cases.
- Gold Alloys 14K (58.5%) & 18K (75.0% Au) hallmarked
- Silver Base 925 Sterling with anti-tarnish rhodium barrier
- Casting Density Vacuum pressurized with zero micro-porosity
Engineering Matrix
Comprehensive Metallurgy Comparison Matrix
Comparative physical benchmarks to guide material selection across density, surface hardness, and corrosion response.
| Material Grade | Density (g/cm³) | Hardness (HV) | Corrosion Benchmark | Primary Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 316L Stainless Steel | 8.00 | 200 to 220 HV | High (PREN 24) | Luxury sports watch cases, bracelets, unisex jewelry |
| 904L Superalloy Steel | 8.05 | 210 to 230 HV | Extreme (PREN 36+) | Professional saturation diver cases, marine bezels |
| Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) | 4.43 | 330 to 360 HV | Immune to seawater | Lightweight tool watches, sports crowns, tactical rings |
| High-Tech Ceramic (ZrO2) | 6.05 | 1500 to 1800 HV | Inert / Scratch-proof | Scratch-proof bezel inserts, monolithic watch cases |
| Marine Bronze (CuSn8) | 8.80 | 150 to 190 HV | Self-passivating patina | Heritage vintage diver watches, nautical badges |
| Brass (H62 / CW510L) | 8.50 | 110 to 150 HV | Moderate (Requires plating) | Precision watch dials, movement rings, decorative decor |
| 18K Solid Gold (750) | 15.5 to 15.8 | 140 to 170 HV | Noble (Zero oxidation) | High jewelry rings, necklaces, haute horlogerie bezels |
| 925 Sterling Silver | 10.36 | 75 to 110 HV | Susceptible to tarnish | Artisan rings, pendants, heavy link chain bracelets |
Quality Protocol
Material Qualification & QA Workflow
Ensuring 100% material integrity from raw ingot spectrometer validation to final dermatological passivation.
PHASE 01
Spectrometric Ingot Verification
Every raw bar stock and ingot lot is checked using calibrated handheld XRF spectrometers and optical emission spectroscopy to verify elemental alloy purity and low carbon content.
PHASE 02
Precision Multi-Axis Machining
Machining parameters, tooling coatings (AlTiN, CVD diamond), and cutting speeds are specifically mapped to each alloy’s hardness to prevent work hardening and surface micro-cracking.
PHASE 03
Controlled Thermal Stress Relieving
After rough CNC hogging, components undergo vacuum furnace annealing to relieve internal mechanical stress, preventing long-term dimensional warping across fine tolerances.
PHASE 04
Biocompatibility & Passivation Audit
All stainless steel and titanium pieces undergo ultrasonic degreasing, citric acid passivation, and artificial sweat immersion tests to ensure complete hypoallergenic safety.
Technical Guidance
Frequently Asked Questions
Common technical and compliance questions regarding our raw materials, certifications, and testing standards.
Can Fullion provide certified Mill Test Certificates (MTC) for raw materials?
Yes. Every batch of 316L, 904L, and Grade 5 titanium is accompanied by standard EN 10204 3.1 inspection certificates documenting chemical composition, yield strength, and elongation.
What is the primary difference between 316L and 904L stainless steel?
316L is the versatile horological standard with 16-18% chromium and 10-14% nickel. 904L contains 25% nickel, 20% chromium, 4.5% molybdenum, and 1.5% copper, yielding exceptional resistance to warm seawater pitting (PREN 36+) and taking an even deeper optical mirror polish.
Are your materials fully compliant with European Union nickel release limits?
Yes. Our 316L and 904L alloys comply with the EU Nickel Directive (EN 1811:2011+A1:2015) and REACH Annex XVII, releasing less than 0.28 µg/cm²/week for prolonged direct skin contact. Titanium and ceramic options are 100% nickel-free.
Can we supply our own custom alloy billets or certified bullion for manufacturing?
Yes. We accommodate customer-supplied precious metal grain (fine silver, gold) and specialized proprietary alloy bars, subject to initial incoming lab assay and dimensional inspection.
Start Your Production Project
Bring Horological Precision to Your Decor Line
Send us your 3D concept designs, component blueprints, or sample references. Our engineering desk will deliver an exhaustive DFM analysis, tooling budget, and quotation within 24 business hours.
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